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Java Operators

Java Operators

Java Operators

Operators are used to perform different operations on variables and values. In Java operators can be divided into the following groups.

  • Arithmetic Operators
  • Logical Operators
  • Assignment Operators
  • Comparison Operators
Java Operators

(1)Arithmetic Operators in Java Operators

 Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations on variables and data.

Operator Name Description Example
+ Addition It adds to values x+y
* Multiplication It multiplies to values x*y
- Subtraction It subtracts one value from other x-y
/ Division Divides on value by another one x+y
% Modulus Return the Divion Reminder x%y

+ Operator example

+ Operator example- Java Operator

Explanation:

Code Explanation
int x =12; Declare variable name x with data type int and store 12 inside it
int y =10; Declare variable name y with data type int and store 10 inside it.
int result= x+y; Adding value present inside x and y and the sum will be saved inside variable name result having data type int.
System.out.println(result); System.out.println() is the function which take argument name result which is 22 and print on the console.

* Operator example

* Operator example- Java Operator

Explanation:

Code Explanation
int x =6 Declare variable name x with data type int and store 6 inside it.
int y =3; Declare variable name y with data type int and store 3 inside it.
int result= x*y; Multiply value present inside x and y and the product will be saved inside variable name result having data type int.
System.out.println(result); System.out.println() is the function which take argument name result which is 18 and print on the console.

- Operator example

- Operator example -Java Operator

Explanation:

Code Explanation
int x =15 Declare variable name x with data type int and store 15 inside it.
int y =5; Declare variable name y with data type int and store 5 inside it.
int result= x-y; Subtract y from x and result will be saved inside variable name result having data type int
System.out.println(result); System.out.println() is the function which take argument name result which is 10 and print on the console.

/ Operator example

/ Operator example

Explanation:

Code Explanation
int x =20; Declare variable name x with data type int and store 20 inside it.
int y =5; Declare variable name y with data type int and store 5 inside it.
int result= x/y; Divide x with y and result will be saved inside variable name result having data type int
System.out.println(result); System.out.println() is the function which take argument name result which is 4 and print on the console.

% Operator example

% Operator example

Explanation:

Code Explanation
int x =22; Declare variable name x with data type int and store 22 inside it.
int y =5; Declare variable name y with data type int and store 5 inside it.
int result= x%y; Module x with y and reminder will be saved inside variable name result having data type int
System.out.println(result); System.out.println() is the function which take argument name result which is 2 and print on the console.

(2)Logical Operators in Java Operators

Logical operators are used to determine the logic between variables or values:

Operator Name Description Example
&& Logical and Returns true if both statements are true y > 3 && y< 100
||  Logical or Returns true if one of the statements is true x > 15 || x < 10
! Logical not Reverse the result, returns false if the result is true !(x > 5 && x < 20)

&& Operator

&& Operator

Explanation:

Code Explanation
int x =10; Declare variable name x with data type int and store 10 inside it. Declare variable name y with data type int and store 5 inside it.
if(x>5 && x<15){ Checking and condition, if x is greater than 5 and less than 15 which is true as x contain 10 which is greater then 5 and less then 15, so here && condition is true.
System.out.println("True"); As && condition is true so here True will be printed on the Screen.
System.out.println("False"); If && condition is false then False will be printed on the Screen.

|| Operator

|| Operator
Code Explanation
int x =10; Declare variable name x with data type int and store 10 inside it. Declare variable name y with data type int and store 5 inside it.
if(x>40 || x<5) Checking logically or condition, if x is greater than 40 or x is less than 5 which is false as x contain 10 which is less than 40 and greater than 5, so here || condition is false.
System.out.println("False"); As || condition is false so here False will be printed on the Screen.
System.out.println("True"); If || condition is true then True will be printed on the Screen.

! Operator

! Operator

Explanation:

Code Explanation
int x =50; Declare variable name x with data type int and store 50 inside it.Declare variable name y with data type int and store 5 inside it.
if(!(x>40)) Checking logically not condition, if x is greater than 40 is true because x contain 50 now as we using logical not ! operator so it’s return false
System.out.println("False"); As ! condition return false because x>40 return true, so False will be printed on the screen.
System.out.println("True"); If x>40 return false than ! operator returns true and True will be printed on the screen.

(3)Assignment Operators in Java Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operator Example Equal To
= x=10 x=10
+= x+=4 x=x+4
*= x *=4 x=x*4
-= x-=6 x=x-6
/= x /=2 x = x/2
%= x%2 x=x%2

= Operator

= Operator, Java Operator

Explanation:

Code Description
int x =50; = Operate assign the value to x which is 50
System.out.println(x); System.out.println() is the function which take argument name x which contain value 50 and print on the console.

+= Operator

+= Operator, Java Operator-Learn coding help

Explanation:

Code Description
int x =50; = Operate assign the value to x which is 50
x+=4 x+=4 is equal to x=x+4 so as x=50 and x=50+4, so now x contains 54.
System.out.println(x); System.out.println() is the function which take argument name x which contain value 54 and print on the console.

*= Operator

*= Operator, Java Operator

Explanation:

Code Description
int x =50; = Operate assign the value to x which is 50
x*=4 x*=4 is equal to x=x*4 so as x=50 and x=50*4, so now x contains 200.
System.out.println(x); System.out.println() is the function which take argument name x which contain value 200 and print on the console.

-= Operator

-= Operator

Explanation:

Code Description
int x =50; = Operate assign the value to x which is 50
x-=4 x-=4 is equal to x=x-4 so as x=50 and x=50-4, so now x contains 46.
System.out.println(x); System.out.println() is the function which take argument name x which contain value 46 and print on the console.

/= Operator

/= Operator, Java Operator-Learn Java Coding

Explanation:

Code Description
int x =50; = Operate assign the value to x which is 50
x/=2 x/=2 is equal to x=x/2 so as x=50 and x=50/2, so now x contains 25.
System.out.println(x); System.out.println() is the function which take argument name x which contain value 25 and print on the console.

%= Operator

%= Operator, Java Operator

Explanation:

Code Description
int x =23; = Operate assign the value to x which is 23
x%=2 x%=2 is equal to x=x%2 so as x=23 and x=23%2, so x contains 1 as the remainder is 1.
System.out.println(x); System.out.println() is the function which take argument name x which contain value 1 and print on the console.

(4)Comparison Operators in Java Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values stored inside variables.

Following comparison operators are used in java language.

Operator Name Description Example
== Equal to Checking value stored inside x variable is equal to value stored inside variable y. x == y
!= Not equal to Checking value stored inside x is not equal to value stored inside variable y. x != y
> Greater than Checking value stored inside x is greater than value stored inside variable y. x > y
< Less than Checking value stored inside x is less then value stored inside variable y. x < y
>= Greater Than or equal to Checking value stored inside x is equal to or greater than to value stored inside variable y. x >= y
<= Less than or equal to Checking value stored inside x is less than or equal to value stored inside variable y. x <= y

== Operator

== Operator, Java coding
Code Description
int x =23; Declare variable name x with data type int and store 23 inside it.
If (x == 23) == Operator checking whether value of x is equal to 23 or not which is true
System.out.println(“True”); System.out.println() function print the True on the screen because if( x == 23) condition is true.

!= Operator

!= Operator, Java Operator

Explanation:

Code Description
int x =30; Declare variable name x with data type int and store 30 inside it.
If (x != 25) != Operator checking whether value of x is not equal to 25 which is true
System.out.println(“True”); System.out.println() function print the True on the screen because if( x != 25) condition is true.

> Operator

> Operator, Java Operator

Explanation:

Code Description
int x =30; Declare variable name x with data type int and store 30 inside it.
If (x > 25) > Operator checking whether value of x is greater than 25 or not which is true
System.out.println(“True”); System.out.println() function print the True on the screen because ( x > 25) condition is true.

< Operator

< Operator, Java Operator

Explanation:

Code Description
int x =30; Declare variable name x with data type int and store 30 inside it.
If (x < 40) < Operator checking whether value of x is less than 40 or not which is true
System.out.println(“True”); System.out.println() function print the True on the screen because ( x < 40) condition is true.

>= Operator

>= Operator, Java Operator

Explanation:

Code Description
int x =30; Declare variable name x with data type int and store 30 inside it.
If (x => 40) => Operator checking whether value of x is greater than or equal to 40 which is true
System.out.println(“True”); System.out.println() function print the True on the screen because ( x >= 40) condition is true.

<= Operator

Programming Assignment help

Explanation:

Code Description
int x =30; Declare variable name x with data type int and store 30 inside it.
If (x <= 40) <= Operator checking whether value of x is less than or equal to 40 which is true
System.out.println(“True”); System.out.println() function print the True on the screen because ( x <= 40) condition is true.
Types of Operators in Java
  • Arithmetic Operators.
  • Unary Operators.
  • Assignment Operator.
  • Relational Operators.
  • Logical Operators.
  • Ternary Operator.
  • Bitwise Operators.
  • Shift Operators.

Operators are used to perform different operations on variables and values.

  • Arithmetic Operators
  • Logical Operators
  • Assignment Operators
  • Comparison Operators

 Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations on variables and data. it is like +,-*,/ and %

This query focuses on operators like ==, !=, <, >, <=, and >= used for comparing values and producing boolean results.

 

Learners often ask about &&, ||, and ! operators used to create complex boolean expressions and make decisions based on multiple conditions.

 

This query focuses on operators like =, +=, -=, *=, /=, and %= used to assign values and perform operations simultaneously.

 

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Introduction to Java

Introduction to java

Introduction to java

Java is the most popular programming language, which was created in 1995 by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems.

Initially, java was called Oak, Since Oak was already a registered company, so James Gosling and his team changed the name from Oak to Java.

Java programming language is also called high-level programming language mean its code syntax is more readable and understandable to a human.

Introduction to Java

Feature of Java

(1)Simple

Java is often regarded as a relatively simple and beginner-friendly programming language, especially when compared to lower-level languages like C++ or assembly language. It was designed with a focus on readability, ease of use, and platform independence.

(2)OOP (Object Oriented Programming) language

Java is 99.9% an Object-Oriented Programming language, which means in Java everything is written in terms of classes and objects. 

What is Class?

A class is defined as a blueprint or template in Java which is used to create an object. We can create multiple objects from a single class.

What is Object?

The object is nothing but a real-world entity that can represent any person, place, or thing. Every object has some state and behavior associated with it. Following are some basic concepts of OOPs.

  • Class
  • Object
  • Inheritance
  • Polymorphism
  • Abstraction
  • Encapsulation

 

(3)Platform Independent

Java is platform independent programming language what does its means that you can write code once, and run it anywhere.

Suppose a programmer writes a program on Window OS and builds the program and gets an executable jar file from the program now if he wants to run this executable jar file on any other OS Platform like Linux or Mac then it will run, he does not need to deploy code on Linux or Mac OS and then recompile the code for that particular OS like he does in case if he is using C, C++.

On compilation, the Java program is compiled into bytecode. This bytecode is platform-independent and can be run on any machine, plus this bytecode format also provides security. Any machine with Java Runtime Environment can run Java Programs.

Introduction to java

(4)Secure

Java is often considered a secure programming language due to a combination of its design principles, features, and runtime environment. Here are some reasons why Java is perceived as a secure programming language:

a) Bytecode Compilation:

Java source code is compiled into bytecode, an intermediate form that is executed by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). This bytecode is platform-independent and provides a layer of abstraction between the code and the underlying system, reducing the risk of direct system vulnerabilities.

b) Memory Management:

Java manages memory allocation and deallocation automatically through its garbage collection mechanism. This helps prevent common memory-related vulnerabilities like buffer overflows and memory leaks.

c) Classloader:

Java’s class loading mechanism ensures that only trusted and verified classes are loaded into the JVM. This prevents unauthorized code from being executed and mitigates risks associated with malicious code injection.

d) Exception Handling:

Java’s exception-handling mechanism helps prevent crashes by allowing developers to handle unexpected situations gracefully. This can reduce the risk of exposing sensitive information or causing security vulnerabilities due to unexpected errors.

e) Standard Libraries:

Java provides a comprehensive set of standard libraries for common programming tasks, such as input/output operations, cryptography, and network communication. These libraries are designed and maintained with security in mind, reducing the likelihood of vulnerabilities in common programming tasks.

f) Security APIs:

Java offers built-in security APIs for cryptography, secure communication (SSL/TLS), authentication, and access control. These APIs make it easier for developers to implement security features correctly.

(5)Secure

Java is also called a multi-Threading programming language means a single program can execute many tasks at the same time. The main benefit of multithreading is to utilizes memory and other resources to execute multiple threads at the same time, like while you are typing on MS Word grammatical errors are checked along is the example of the multi-thread program.

(6)Robust

Java is a Robust programming language because Java puts a lot of emphasis on early checking for possible errors, as Java compilers are able to detect many problems that would first show up during execution time in other languages.  Java has a strong memory allocation and automatic garbage collection mechanism. It provides a powerful exception-handling and type-checking mechanism as compared to other programming languages. The compiler checks the program whether there is any error and the interpreter checks any run time error and makes the system secure from the crash. All of the above features make the Java language robust.

(7)Distributed

Java is often used for developing distributed applications. Distributed computing refers to the use of multiple computers or nodes connected via a network to work together on a task. Java provides several features and libraries that make it well-suited for building distributed systems.

Types of Application which can develop in Java Programming Language

Java is a versatile programming language that can be used to develop a wide range of applications, from simple command-line tools to complex enterprise-level systems. Here are some types of applications that can be developed using Java:

  • Web Applications
  • Desktop Applications
  • Mobile Applications
  • Enterprise Applications
  • Distributed Systems Applications
  • Embedded Systems Applications
  • Game Developments
  • Web API’s
  • Financial Applications
  • Educational Applications

Most Asked Question On "Introduction to java"

Java is the most popular programming language, which was created in 1995 by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems.

Java programming language is also called high-level programming language mean its code syntax is more readable and understandable to a human.

 

Java is a versatile programming language that can be used to develop a wide range of applications, from simple command-line tools to complex enterprise-level systems. Here are some types of applications that can be developed using Java:

  • Web Applications
  • Desktop Applications
  • Mobile Applications
  • Enterprise Applications
  • Distributed Systems Applications
  • Embedded Systems Applications
  • Game Developments
  • Web API’s
  • Financial Applications
  • Educational Applications
Java was designed to be easy to use and is therefore easy to write, compile, debug, and learn than other programming languages. Java is object-oriented. This allows you to create modular programs and reusable code. Java is platform-independent these are the main features which makes java different from other languages.
 
Setting up a Java development environment involves several steps, including installing the Java Development Kit (JDK), configuring your preferred Integrated Development Environment (IDE), and optionally setting up a build tool like Apache Maven or Gradle. Here's a step wise guidelines:
  1. Install Java Development Kit (JDK)
  2. Set Up Environment Variables
  3. Choose an IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
  4. Configure IDE
 

A variable can be thought of as a memory location that can hold values of a specific type.Variables allow you to give a meaningful name to a value, making it easier to refer to and work with that value throughout your code.

and A data type show the kind of values that a variable can hold. Java has two main categories of data types: primitive data types and reference data types.

  • Install Java Development Kit (JDK)
  • Set Up Your Development Environment
  • Write Your Java Code
  • Save Your Java File
  • Compile the Java Program
  • Run the Java Program:

OOP stands for Object-Oriented Programming. Procedural programming, Java is fully object Oriented language  and it is about writing procedures or methods that perform operations on the data, while object-oriented programming is about creating objects that contain both data and methods.

The Imporent diffrence is JDK is for development purpose whereas JRE is for running the java programs. JDK and JRE both contains JVM so that we can run our java program. JVM is the heart of java programming language and provides platform independence.

Suppose a programmer writes a program on Window OS and builds the program and gets an executable jar file from the program now if he wants to run this executable jar file on any other OS Platform like Linux or Mac then it will run, he does not need to deploy code on Linux or Mac OS and then recompile the code for that particular OS like he does in case if he is using C, C++.

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Most Popular Programming Languages in 2020

Most popular programming languages in 2020

Most Popular Programming Languages in 2020

Looking for Most Popular Programming Languages in 2020 If you are a beginner in the field of software development, the very first question comes to your mind is “Where to begin?” That’s undoubtedly true! There are hundreds to choose from, but how will you discover that yes, that’s the one? Which will be most suitable for you, your interests, and your career goals? One of the easiest ways to pick the best programming language to learn for 2020 is by listening to what the market says, where the tech trend is going. Programming Homework Help is the best for Students to complete assignments.x

 

Moving down you will find the most popular programming languages​ (Most Popular Programming Languages in 2020)

JavaScript 

It is impossible to be in the software market without knowing or using javascript. because javascript is the most popular language among developers for the past 6 years.

according to Stack Overflow’s 2018 Developer Survey, around 65% of them have used this language in the past year. so you have to admit that javascript is a popular language. Get Java Homework Help for assignments.

Why javascript is so popular?(Most Popular Programming Languages in 2020)

 
Here are some key advantages of javascript.
  • JavaScript is a client-side language.
  • this programming language is an easy language to learn.
  • JavaScript is comparatively fast for the end-user.
  • Extended functionality to web pages.
  • No compilation is needed.
  • Easy to debug and test.
  • Platform independent.
  • Event-Based Programming language.

Interested in javascript history?(Most Popular Programming Languages in 2020)

Javascript was created by Brendan Eich in 1995 during his time at Netscape Communications. this programming language was inspired by Java, scheme, and Self.

There was a time when Netscape made the best browser in the world and enjoyed market dominance.

The circumstances of the birth of the language, include:

  • the aforementioned marketing ploy
  • for initial development (time-compressed)

Summary

JavaScript has a rich and fascinating history. It continues to be one of the most hated languages on the planet, often for reasons that have long since faded into irrelevance.

JavaScript has become the standard programming language of the web.

Python(Most Popular Programming Languages in 2020)

In most of the articles, python is not in the #2 position they put Python below somewhere in their list. for me, python deserves #2 position in the most popular programming languages list.

What is Python?

Python is a popular programming language. It was created by Guido van Rossum, and released in 1991. 

It is used for:

  • web development (server-side),
  • software development,
  • mathematics,
  • system scripting.

What can Python do?

It is used for:

  • web development (server-side),
  • software development,
  • mathematics,
  • system scripting.

Why Python?

  • Python works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc).
  • It has a simple syntax similar to the English language.
  • Python has a syntax that allows developers to write programs with fewer lines than some other programming languages.
  • It runs on an interpreter system, meaning that code can be executed as soon as it is written. This means that prototyping can be very quick.
  • Python can be treated in a procedural way, an object-orientated way, or a functional way

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Introduction to OS and Linux - Learn More

Introduction to OS and Linux

Introduction to OS and Linux

Introduction to OS and Linux - Learn More

What is an Operating System?

Introduction to OS and Linux: An operating system (OS) is a type of system software that controls how computer hardware and software resources are used and offer basic services to other software applications.

Examples: Microsoft Windows, Linux, Android, Unix, macOS etc.

More In (Introduction to OS and Linux), Features of Operating system:

  1. Convenience: An OS makes a computer more convenient to use.
  2. Efficiency: An OS allows the computer system resources to be used efficiently.
  3. Ability to Evolve: An OS should be constructed in such a way as to permit the effective development, testing, and introduction of new system functions at the same time without interfering with service.
  4. Throughput: An OS should be constructed so that It can give maximum throughput(Number of tasks per unit time).

What is LINUX?

The most popular and well-known open-source operating system is Linux. As an operating system, Linux is a piece of software that runs in the background of all other applications on a computer, taking requests from them and transmitting them to the hardware.

Some commands for Beginners

  • Clear the console

               clear

  • Changing Working Directory

            cd Desktop

             cd Home

  • List all files in a directory

                 ls

  • Copy all files of a directory within the current work directory

             cp dir/* .

  • Copy a directory within the current work directory

            cp -a tmp/dir1

  • To make an archive of existing folders or files

         tar cvf archive_name.tar          dirname/

         tar cvf alldocs.tar *.txt

  • Extract from an existing tar archive.

        tar xvf archive_name.tar

  • View an existing tar archive.

        tar tvf archive_name.tar

Basic command of UNIX/LINUX

Command and Description

 ls – Show files in the current position

 cd – Change directory

cp – Copy file or directory

mv– Move file or directory

rm – Remove file or directory

pwd – Show the current position

 mkdir – Create directory

rmdir – Remove directory

less, more, cat – Display file contents

man – Read the online manual page for a command

whatis – Give a brief description of a command

su – Switch user

passwdChange password

useradd – Create a new user account

userdel – Delete a user account

mount – Mount file system

 umount – Unmount file system

df – Show disk space usage

shutdown -Reboot or turn off machine

Compiling C/C++ program using g++ and gcc:

Are you ready to turn your C and C++ code into an executable and running program? The GNU C compiler, also known as GCC, is a simple Linux-based C compiler that’s easy to use from the command line. If you’re using Linux, including Ubuntu, and Linux Mint, you can install GCC from your distribution package manager. On Windows 10 and 11, you can use GCC in a Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) shell,  This steps will teach you how to  Compiling C/C++ programs using g++ and gcc:​

For C++:

Command: g++ source_files… -o output_file

For C:

Command: gcc source_files… -o output_file

Source files need not be cpp or c files. They can be preprocessed files, assembly files, or object files.

The whole compilation file works in the following way:

Cpp/c file(s)Preprocessed file(s)  Assembly File(s) Generation  Object file(s) Generation  Final Executable

Every c/cpp file has its own preprocessed file, assembly file, and object file.

1. For running only the preprocessor, we use

-E option.

2. For running the compilation process till assembly file generation, we use –S option.

3. For running the compilation process till object file creation, we use –c option.

4. If no option is specified, the whole compilation process till the generation of the executable will run.

A file generated using any option can be used to create the final executable. For example, let’s suppose that we have two source

files: math.cpp and main.cpp, and we create object files:

g++ main.cpp –c –o main.o

g++ math.cpp –c –o math.o

The object files created using above two commands can be used to generate the final executable.

g++ main.o math.o –o my_executable

The file named “my_executable” is the final exe file. There is a specific extension for executable files in Linux.

Conclusion

Linux operating system is very flexible. It can be used for desktop applications, embedded systems, and server applications too. In this article, I tried to explain how basic command of UNIX/LINUX basic command works and you will see the details of how to compile C/C++ programs using g++ and gcc, Trying to put more interesting content for you to stay updated 🙂

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Top 7 Python final year project ideas in 2020

Top 7 python final year project ideas in 2020

TOP 7 PYTHON FINAL YEAR PROJECT IDEAS IN 2020

Top 7 Python final year project ideas in 2020

we are here to help you out. in this article, we will list down the top 10 Python Final Year Project Ideas for beginners. so that you can elect easily for your Python Final Year Project Idea

Python is one of the main programming languages and most favored language. because a programmer can pick up Python very quickly. It’s also easy for beginners to use and learn.

Now we are heading toward the Python Final Year Project Idea.

note*(The projects are listed according to their popularity)

Library Management System( Why this is one of Top most idea from Top 7 Python Final Year Project Ideas in 2020)

The library management system in Python is an uncomplicated Python Final Year Project Idea. because it is easy to use and manageable. the system contains only the admin side. the system controls all the management like adding and managing categories, authors, books, etc. Almost this system can manage everything. it’s a digital way of managing the whole library. Come and get Python Homework Help.

the system file has a python script(main.py, Borrow.py, Return.py, Dt.py, List.py) also a Text file(stock.txt). the project has a simple console-based. also, the layout of the system is very easy.

Do you want to run this project?

you will get project files on the internet easily. after downloading the project, follow the step below. ( you must have python installed on your PC)

  • STEP 1: unzip the file
  • STEP2: similarly double click the main.py file and you are ready to go.

Got stuck or need to customize the library management system as your Python Final Year Project Idea, just click the below image and fill out the form. you will get a quick response from our team.

                                              LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN PYTHON(query desk)

ATM SOFTWARE IN PYTHON (Top most idea from Top 7 Python Final Year Project Ideas in 2020)

ATM (automatic teller machine) software is a Python Final Year Project Ideadeveloped in python language. the motto of the project is to show how the practical implementation of Python programming in the banking sector.

how it’s helpful?

this software works as a controller during the transition process. With the help of this system, we can enhance the relationship between the ATM machine and the user.

also, It reduces the risk of losing money. The use of software helps in safe, reliable, and secure banking.

Technical aspects of ATM software:

there are two types of modules in the ATM software project:

  • Admin module

  • user module

ADMIN MODULE refers to the bank that has installed the ATM software. USER MODULE while refers to the customer of the bank with validated cards.

want to go deep down in the ADMIN module?

ADD NEW ATM CARD: this function is for generating a new user account card. below details required to fill out the form are

  • Account name

  • Account number

  • Address

  • Phone number

  • two-factor verification methods

LOOK AT ATM MACHINE STATUS: this module is for viewing details of the ATM machine. admin can view the following data

  • ATM address

  • Last refill date

  • Next refill date

  • Minimum balance inquiry

  • Current balance inquiry

UPDATE ATM CARD: This module is responsible for re-validating the expired card, for updating the card admin should enter the ATM card number.

This module also has six sub-module as listed below:(update ATM card)

  • Block ATM card

  • Activate ATM card

  • Reset PIN

  • Reset phone

  • View History

  • Update expiring date

To conclude, ATM software is the easy and safest way the transition money, because it makes the banking transition secure. therefore the future of this Python Final Year Project Idea is bright.

MUSIC PLAYER IN PYTHON

It is a desktop application, which is built by using Python Homework Help platform. this Python Final Year Project Idea is well-liked among youth. because it is a simple and basic level small project.

MUSIC PLAYER IN PYTHON

This final year project is for the following courses :

  • BE
  • BTech
  • MCA
  • BCA
  • Engineering students

Features of the project

it is used to play the all song kept in your system. list of some buttons to play the song in this system.

  1. PLAY
  2. NEXT
  3. STOP
  4. PAUSE
  5. UNPAUSE
  6. PREVIOUS
  7. EXIT

therefore this fPython Final Year Project Idea is really a simple project but meaningful for your college purpose.

EMOJI PREDICTION IN PYTHON

Emoji prediction is a fun variant of sentiment analysis. when texting your friends, are you able to tell the mental state of your friends? are they happy? are they sad? Could you put an appropriate smiley on each text message you receive? If so, you probably understand their sentiment.

In this final year project, we build a classifier that learns to associate emojis with sentences. although the concept of the classifier is very simple. we collect a large number of sentence data from Twitter messages. then we focus on features from those sentences, which are :

Technical: quickstart

To use this project, it’s required to install python3, jupyter notebook, and some python libraries.

RESTAURANT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

looking for simple python project ideas? get started with the restaurant management system, project for free.

ABOUT PROJECT:

  • This final year project is developed in python language.
  • While using this system, you can easily calculate the total bill of the customer.
  • All you need to do is you have to fill up blank boxes and the system will display your total bill.
  • The design of this software is very simple so that the user won’t find it difficult to use and navigate.
  • It’s not time-consuming.

This system can be used in:

  • Restaurants
  • Cafe
  • Food trucks

modules of the restaurant management system

Now let us discuss the different types of modules we have designed to manage the RMS (restaurant management system). the modules are as follows:

  • Staff management
  • Login Admin
  • Stock Control
  • Transactions
  • Reservations
  • Cable & Menu Management

So you can choose a restaurant management system as your final year project because it is so simple and useful. also, the application of this project is very wide.

CURRENCY CONVERTER IN PYTHON

Python is a very versatile language because this language is being used in almost every mainstream technology. you can develop literally any application in it.

what is a currency converter?

currency converter is a software code that is designed to convert one currency into another in order to check its corresponding value. The code is generally a part of a website or it forms a mobile app and it is based on current market or bank exchange rates.

why do we need a currency converter?

  • Estimating the value of goods and services
  • Basic calculation
  • preparing financial plans and reports
  • To convert one currency into another currency

To use this you must have an API key. which you will get from here.

Therefore currency conversion might be your final year project. you can customize this software as per your requirements.

7|ONLINE VIDEO CHAT IN PYTHON

Online video chat is a desktop application which is developed in python platform. this final year project is very popular in students as their final year project. the module of this project is very simple and easy to handle.

The source code of this project is relatively short and easy to understand. You can access the complete source code of the Video Chat App from the download links in this post. Below, I’ve briefly introduced the project abstract with scopes, features, and source code files.

Features:

Listed below are the main features of the Video Chat application:

  • It facilitates the users for live video streaming so that real audio-video communication is established.
  • The application has four scripts: client script, server script, video feed script and video socket script.
  • The application can’t work offline. It is useless without a reliable internet connection.
  • The application can’t establish a connection itself but assists other media ineffective communication.
  • Video Chat Application utilizes web conferencing for video streaming.

Therefore video chat player in python might be your final year project. for any assistance and help, you can contact us at any time. just click the below image. Get Python Homework Help

Top 7 python final year project ideas in 2020 Read More »

All about network- Get coding help

ALL ABOUT NETWORKS!

ALL ABOUT NETWORKS!

All about network- Get coding help

A wireless Ad-hoc network is an environment in which wireless nodes dynamically self organize and form a temporal network without using any pre-existing infrastructure.


The trend indicates the progress of the storage and computing capacity of network devices. This progress paves the way for exploring a new area of research i.e. Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing.

Pervasive computing is the growing trend towards embedding microprocessors an everyday object and then ensured communication among nodes using mobility and opportunistic contacts.

Pervasive computing can be realized through the convergence of wireless technology, advanced electronics, and the Internet. In order to realize the concepts of pervasive computing, one needs to be aware of an Ad-hoc network where contact between two nodes is not certain at any particular time.

The network in concern is Delay Tolerant Network (DTN), which is evolved from MANET with some interesting challenges such as, sparsity, intermittent connected mobile nodes, and no end-to-end connectivity for message transmission. The main principle for routing in DTN is the Store-Carry-Forward mechanism.

The Store-Carry-Forward mechanism introduces a delay while transmitting messages hence, routing/forwarding is an important issue for the progress and establishment of Ubiquitous/Pervasive Computing on ground realities.

In DTN when two devices come in contact with each other then this contact can be taken as an opportunity to serve each other through exchanging services and messages for forwarding them towards the destination.

This opportunity in message dissemination introduces a new paradigm of Delay Tolerant networking known as Opportunistic Networks.

In OppNets mobile devices transmit messages by exploiting direct contacts without the need for end-to-end infrastructure. The main reason for the delay in the realization of Ubiquitous/Pervasive Computing is the exponential growth of complexity at the network layer.

OPPORTUNISTIC NETWORKS ...

In Ad-hoc networks, routing protocols at the network layer are computational and storage-intensive and assume the end-to-end connectivity at all times. But, OppNet tries to simplify it by removing the assumption of physical end-to-end connectivity, OppNet devices are also equipped with different wireless technology interfaces so that, devices can opportunistically use the interfaces in proximity while forwarding the messages.The advantage of OppNet communication includes high capacity, low cost, localized communication, decentralized operations, and independence from any infrastructure. therefore the key challenges in OppNet are mobility, communication paradigm, data dissemination, incentives for node cooperation, and services. OppNet is human-centric because it follows the way in which humans come in contact with each other. Therefore OppNet protocols can be tightly coupled with social networks and their social relationships can be
exploited in order to build more efficient and trustworthy protocols.
There is no way of proactively determining paths from source to destination. Hence, in OppNet mobility is used for data dissemination. Here, mobile nodes carry the message until they contact a suitable message forwarder. In OppNet, routing and forwarding protocols are merged because the routes are actually formed while forwarding messages.

Hence, in OppNet mobility is used for data dissemination. Here, mobile nodes carry the message until they contact a suitable message forwarder. In OppNet, routing and forwarding protocols are merged because the routes are actually formed while forwarding messages.

2. Architecture of OppNets

Architecture of OppNets
In an opportunistic network, a network is usually separated into several network partitions knows as regions.

Conventional applications and protocols are not suitable for
this kind of network, where the end-to-end connection does not exist from the source to the destination.

The opportunistic network uses the store-carry-forward mechanism for interconnecting the devices in different regions. The intermediate nodes employ the store-carry-forward mechanism by overlaying a new protocol layer, called the bundle layer in the protocol stack, as shown in Figure1.

 

In an OppNets, each node comprises of bundle layer that can act as a host, a router, or a gateway. In case the node act as a router, the bundle layer can store, carry, and forward an entire bundle in the same region.

Whereas, the bundle layer of the gateway node is used to transfer messages across different regions. As a gateway node is responsible for storing
and forwarding between two or more regions and optionally be a host, so it must be equipped with persistent storage and custody facilities.

3. Characteristics and Requirements of OppNets

Characteristics and Requirements of OppNets
The Ad-hoc network is autonomous and infrastructure-less with multi-hop routing. Dynamic network topology and device heterogeneity focused researchers in designing energy and bandwidth-efficient scalable protocols. Due to the lack of centralized authority in infrastructure-less Ad-hoc networks, security and self-organization become the concerning issues.

These mentioned constraints are the key challenges while
designing network protocols for any layer of operation. Routing is the heart of effective and efficient communication among network devices. Hence, dynamic topology and heterogeneity of devices should be considered while designing routing strategies.

The ad – hoc network is vulnerable to several security threats like eavesdropping, deletion, modification, redirection, and fabrication of both control and data packets. There are various key-based cryptographic solutions for providing security solutions in terms of authentication, data integrity, and protection of message sequencing.

These securities solutions either detect the malicious nodes using intrusion detection scheme or use cryptographic techniques for providing integrity and authentication.

In an Ad – hoc network, a selfish node may degrade the performance through non-cooperation in data dissemination schemes. Selfish nodes may use the network resources for themselves but, do not cooperate with others in carrying out their work.

Node cooperation is an implicit challenge associated with an ad – hoc network. To ensure node cooperation, incentive schemes are necessary to tackle and persuade selfish nodes.

The OppNet is a subgroup of an ad-hoc network with some specific constraints and associated challenges. Hence, OppNet inherits all the challenges associated with an ad-hoc network.

In the case of OppNet, the unique communication paradigm and constraint increase the severity of associated challenges.

characteristics:

These are the following specific characteristics and associated challenges in OppNet are:

Sparse network

Sparse network: The sparsity in-network accounts for low inter-contact frequency and the average duration of the contact is also small. Hence, data dissemination is associated with delays and less reliability. The unpredictability and low end-to-end connectivity demand efficient forwarding techniques.

Store-carry-forward mechanism

Store-carry-forward mechanism: OppNets exploit mobility for data forwarding using the concept of store-carry-forward mechanism. In carrying messages, an additional storage cost is associated with routing.

This mechanism demands efficient buffer management strategies and the inclusion of a separate bundle layer in the protocol stack. Due to this mechanism node profiling is possible at the application layer hence, privacy and data integrity need to be ensured explicitly through reliable security measures.

Heterogeneity of network devices and interfaces

Heterogeneity of network devices and interfaces: OppNet plays an important role in the progress of pervasive computing. Pervasive computing requires the participation of each and every device and uses different wireless technology.
OppNet needs to ensure these requirements by designing highly
interoperable network protocols.

Human interactions

Human interactions: OppNet is human-centric as most of the participating nodes in it are humans. So there is a need to study the sociology and anthropology involved in the interactions of an individual.

Based on this study one can design the real human mobility model and social graphs. These social graphs map the underlying network graph, based on which data dissemination protocols could be designed and executed.

High computation power

High computation power: The advance in technology makes handheld devices more capable through high-end processors. On one side this is an added advantage but the security threats of viruses, worm, malware which were considered to be associated with PCs will now target the high computational power devices too.

It has been estimated that as the intelligence or processing
power of mobile devices increases, so does the amount of different malware. This malware can easily infect the OppNet.

Emergency applications

Emergency applications: Oppnets can be used in any kind of emergency situation such as an earthquake, hurricane, etc. Here, a seed Oppnet node is generally been deployed and then later on other potential helper nodes equipped
with more facilities can be added as per the requirement to grow into an expanded Oppnet.

Opportunistic computing

Opportunistic computing: Oppnets can be used to provide a platform for distributed computing to facilitate crisis management, intelligent transport system, and pervasive healthcare.

Recommender systems

Recommender systems: As, in Oppnets we can exploit the various context information about the nodes such as mobility patterns, contact history, workplace information, etc. Hence, the gained contextual information can be used to provide recommendations for various items in concern.

Mobile data offloading

Mobile data offloading: similarly, In mobile social networks, the Oppnet mechanism can be used for the purpose of data offloading. As the pervasive and ubiquitous use of mobile devices has immensely increased the data on a network. So, OppNet’s concept of store-carry-forward can help in offloading data from networks.

Info mobility Services

Info mobility Services: OppNets can also be exploited to provide intelligent vehicular systems through Internet-of-Things(IoT) for smart cities project. Internet-enabled devices can be a part of OppNet and mobile devices on the basis of proximity and need can exchange relevant information and take decisions.

4. Data Sets and OppNet Project Scenarios

Data Sets and OppNet Project Scenarios

Reality Data Mining: The experiment was conducted to explore the capabilities of smartphones to investigate human interactions beyond the traditional survey-based methodology. The subjects were 75 students and faculty in the MIT Media Laboratory, and 25 incoming students at the MIT business school.

SIGCOMM09: The SIGCOMM 2009 dataset [9] contains traces of Bluetooth device proximity, opportunistic message creation, and dissemination along with the social profiles of the participants. In this experiment, each device performed a periodic device discovery to trace out the nearby neighboring devices.

On the discovering of new contacts, the device formed an RFCOMM link on a preconfigured channel for data communications. Further, each device recorded the results of the periodic device discovery and all data communications.

In addition to this devices keep a record of the user’s social profile and its evolution and application-level messaging. The collected traces are time-stamped based on the device clock and reported as a relative time in second.

Haggle project

Haggle project: Haggle [] is a European Union-funded project designed to enable communication when network connectivity is intermittent. In particular, Haggle exploits opportunistic contacts between mobile users to deliver data to the destination.

This project includes 78 short radio ranges emotes with 20 stationary long-range radio emotes. These emote were distributed throughout the INFOCOM 2006 conference venue for four days.

The Bluetooth scanning granularity of a node is set once per 120 seconds. The pairwise contact frequency is 6878 per day, and the total number of contacts taking place is 23,478. The trace experiences an average contact duration of 216 seconds.

ZebraNet: [] It is an interdisciplinary ongoing project at Princeton University under the Mpala Research Centre deployed in the vast Savanna area of central Kenya. The study is carried out to know the patterns of migration and interspecies interactions for Zebras in Savanna. A mobile vehicle as a base station moves around periodically in the Savanna for collecting data from the encountered Zebras.

5. Opportunistic Routing and Classification

Opportunistic Routing and Classification
In OppNet, keeping the low intermittent contacts and sparsity into consideration routing and forwarding decisions are merged. The routing decision is reactive and taken on the fly by forwarding nodes.

The decision in selecting the best possible forwarder is the one that
anyhow helps in forwarding the messages to the destination. Traditional routing algorithms are not applicable in OppNet scenarios.
In traditional routing, either reactively or proactively decisions are taken based on the underlying network topology. But in the case of OppNet, the absence of knowledge about topological evolution hampers the routing decisions.

The fundamental problem associated with OppNet routing is the absence of end-to-end connectivity for the whole lifetime of a message. The routing performance improves with the assimilation of more knowledge about the expected topology of the network in routing protocols.

The routing protocols for OppNet are classified on the following grounds:-

1. Infrastructure less routing

In this routing mechanism, explicit infrastructure is not used to facilitate the routing process. In pervasive computing, it is the most viable and cost-efficient.

There is a further division in infrastructure-less routing based on the amount of explicit knowledge used in the routing procedure:-

Context oblivious routing

A. Context oblivious routing: In this routing mechanism the concept of diffusion is used in which, the message is disseminated in the whole network using the contact opportunities and in the end, it eventually reaches the destination.

In this approach, no explicit knowledge is used to facilitate the routing process. The dissemination based routing technique works well in a highly dynamic environment.


These protocols are resource hungry and mostly account for the congestion in the network. To limit the effect of congestion in the network there are some existing protocols, which suppress the count of messages in the network through intelligent heuristics. The epidemic, MV, Spray & Wait, and Network coding routing are some of the context oblivious routing protocols.

These protocols do not authenticate the participating nodes at the joining time in the network. It does not ensure the privacy of participating nodes and the confidentiality of disseminated messages in the network. Both users and data are vulnerable to security threats associated with malicious nodes attacks.

Context-based routing:

B. Context-based routing: In this routing mechanism, a context of a node is accumulated and maintained over a period of time. The sharing of this context information between the nodes helps the encountered nodes in designing the blueprint of the underlying network topology. This temporal topology is then used to make forwarding decisions.

The usefulness of a host, as the next hop in forwarding mechanism is depicted through the utility metric of that node. The context information usually comprises social, environmental, and user feedback about the nodes in concern. Context-based routing techniques reduce
the message duplication counts but, increases the corresponding delay in delivery.
Prophet, HiBops, and MobySpace are some of the context-based protocols. In this approach context information is shared between nodes and this sharing may reveal the identity of nodes in communication. The privacy of the user is at stake and the integrity of data and utility packet are compromised in this type of routing approach.

Content-based routing

C. Content-based routing: In a content-based approach, the destination node is not explicitly mentioned in transmission. In it, the destination node’s interest profile is shared with all the encountered nodes.

Based on the similarity between the message content and the interest profile of the encountering node, the forwarding decision is taken.
Here, the routing is based on publishing and subscribe mechanism in which the source node publishes its contents as the services in the network and the destination node subscribes these available data services according to the interest profile.

Content-based routing suffers from data integrity and confidentiality
problem. The availability of data services in publishing and subscribe mechanism is also the major security problem.
2.Infrastructure based routing
In this type of routing strategy, the explicit network infrastructure is used to facilitate the routing process. The infrastructure used in these protocols could be fixed or mobile and depending upon this, infrastructure routing is divided into two parts:-

Routing with fixed infrastructure

Routing with fixed infrastructure: Here, explicit base stations are deployed in the capacity of the gateways. These gateways act an interface to the different challenged networks and ensure the connectivity in a sparsely connected network. In order to achieve connectivity, protocols are designed to deliver messages up to base stations, and then it is the responsibility of the base station, which ensures the delivery of the message to another gateway or the destination node.

There are two variations of the proposed scheme on the basis of allowing node-to-node and node-to-base stations communicates in the OppNet.
Info-station Model and Shared Wireless Infestation Model (SWIM) are two fixed infrastructure protocols.

The performance of the routing protocol is based on the efficient functioning of base stations. Hence, the compromising situation of base stations puts the whole network performance at stake. These base stations are vulnerable to security threats and compromised base stations are a threat to the network itself. To severely deal with these threats an efficient and computational light Intrusion Detection Mechanism (IDM) needs to be designed.

Routing based on mobile infrastructure

Routing based on mobile infrastructure: These routing protocols use an explicit mobile data collector known as message ferries and data mules. The best possible mobility model is used for mobile carriers, in order to achieve the maximum coverage in minimum time units. These protocols are further fabricated into two
divisions based on the possibility of node-to-node and node-to-carrier
communication.
Data-Mule System and Message Ferrying are the two mobile infrastructure based protocols. Authentication through key management is hard to establish in this type of mobile infrastructure routing network. Distributed authentication schemes need to be established for the proper operations of the OppNet.

security in OppNet networks

Security in OppNet
In order to visualize the abstract concept of pervasive computing on-ground realities, security is the main challenge and it needs to be addressed with sincerity for instilling confidence in general users. Security at the root level in the communication paradigm instills the confidence in nodes for cooperation in the network. Hard cryptographic solutions are not sufficient in making the system threat proof.

The computational intensive algorithms of cryptographic techniques discourage the uses of these algorithms in the solutions of security to OppNet.
The unique characteristic of the ad-hoc network poses a number of non-trivial security challenges. The security solutions to ad-hoc networks encompass; prevention, detection, and reactions.

Proactive routing data integrity and authentication are to be maintained and reactive data forwarding are secured through real-time intrusion detection schemes. These algorithms detect a malicious node and then react, in order to nullify the behavior of attacking nodes.

6 . security Issues and Criteria in oppnet network

Security Issues and Criteria
A security mechanism is any process (or a device incorporating such a process) that is designed to detect, prevent, or recover from a security attack. Examples of mechanisms are encryption algorithms, digital signatures, and authentication protocol.

Security solutions must be validated against security criteria. There are some widely used criteria to evaluate security aspects. Network nodes should be available to provide all the designated services assigned to them regardless of security attacks.

The solution should make sure that the identity of a message remains the same throughout the transmission.

The security issues for each network layer in an ad – hoc network are :

Programming Assignment help

The identity of the message can be compromised through malicious and accidental altering. One has to make sure the confidentiality of the message through which information is only accessible to those for whom it is intended.

The message should be authentic enough, which assures that participants in communication are genuine but not impersonators. The solution should ensure that the sender and receiver of a message cannot deny that they have never sent or received a message.

Security criteria should include the specification of authority, privileges, and credentials assigned to network nodes.

Security’s criteria also include privacy-preserving in which the entity node is protected by not disclosing its privacy to any other node.

7. security Attacks

Security Attacks
Security attacks are classified as either passive attacks, which include the unauthorized reading of a message or file and traffic analysis or active attacks, such as modification of messages or files, and denial of service.

Passive Attacks

(a) Passive Attacks:

firstly
A passive attack does not disrupt the operation of the network. The attacker snoops the exchanged data and infers the desired information. The privacy of users and the confidentiality of data are at stake. The detection of a passive attack is very difficult.

On a preventive basis, data need to be encrypted before forwarding in the system. Snooping is unauthorized access to another person’s data. The software can also be used to remotely monitor and snoop the target devices.

Active Attacks

(b) Active Attacks:

secondly

Inactive attacks, attackers disrupt the normal functioning of the system through altering or destroying of data being exchanged in the network. These attacks can be classified into two categories based on the malicious node’s identities.

External attacks are carried out by the nodes external to the network and Internal attacks are carried out by the internal compromised nodes in the network. Internal attacks are difficult to detect and prevent compared to external attacks.

(i) Network layer attacks

Wormhole attack

In the wormhole attack, a malicious node receives packets at one location in the network and tunnels them to another location in the network. These packets are then resent into the network. This tunnel between compromised nodes is referred to as a wormhole. If the wormhole is used properly then an efficient routing is possible but, it puts the attacker in a commanding position compared to other nodes in the network.

Blackhole attack

In this attack, an attacker advertises itself as having the shortest path to the destination node. Once the malicious node has been able to insert itself between the communicating nodes, it is able to do anything with the packet passing through it. so It can perform a DoS attack and man in the middle attack

Blackhole attack

In this attack, a colluding node form routing loops, forwarding packets on non-optimal routes and selectively dropping packets.

Information disclosure
A compromised node may leak confidential and important information to
unauthorized node present in the network.

Resource consumption attack

In this attack, an attacker tries to consume or waste away the resources of other nodes present in the network.

Routing attacks

In this attack, routing operation is disrupted through the routing table overflow, routing table poisoning, packet replication, route cache poisoning, rushing attack.

(ii) Transport layer attacks
Session hijacking:

Session hijacking is a critical threat to the system. It gives an opportunity to the malicious node to behave as a legitimate user. Hence, ID Spoofing is the major threats in the transport layer.

(iii) Application layer attacks Repudiation attacks Repudiation refers to the denial or attempted denial by a node involved in a communication.

(iv) Multilayer attacks
Multilayer attacks are those that could occur at any layer of the network protocol stack. Denial of service and impersonation are some common multi-layer attacks.

Security issues in OppNet

OppNet is a part of the ad-hoc network and hence, all the possible security threats associated with ad-hoc networks are common with the security threats of OppNet.

The specific constraints of OppNet increase the severity of ad-hoc attacks on it. The routing and forwarding mechanisms are localized and merged in OppNet.

This simplification at the network layer also relaxes the node in tackling routing attacks but, on the other hand, context and content information need to be protected.
OppNet is human-centric and most of the forwarding mechanism exploits social metrics in taking routing decisions. similarly At application layer spoofing attack (node profiling) is possible due to the human involvement and store-carry-forward mechanism.

Due to the infrastructure-less networks, the authentication, and rating of the node, in terms of maliciousness is not possible at the time of joining the network (Bootstrapping problem)

Security issues in OppNet…

Hard cryptographic solutions are not sufficient to address security threats because; network devices are not capable enough to execute computational intensive algorithms. In OppNet, the aim is to develop and design privacy-preserving and secure opportunistic forwarding, while keeping the constraints of no end-to-end connectivity, delay tolerance, dynamic topology, loose trust, and no infrastructure in concern.

The main challenge in content and context forwarding is that, confidentiality and privacy conflicts with the very design concept of the forwarding mechanism of these protocols.

Hence to secure the confidentiality and privacy forwarding computations need to be done on the encrypted data.

security threats

The security threats challenge the progress of pervasive computing and the solutions to these threats are the major challenge before researchers. Researchers are addressing the security concerns of OppNet on a priority basis. Routing and node cooperation are the backbones of OppNet and hence, the associated threats with routing and node participation are on the priority.

In OppNet social metrics are exploited to build trust and reputation systems for authentication purposes. therefore This reputation model can be used to securely forwarding data and incentivizing selfish nodes for their cooperation. meanwhile, Some work has been done for securing the network from selfish and Sybill users. Anonymity for the privacy of the node is targeted at the network layer whereas, its severity is found at the application layer.

8. Problem Statement in networks

Problem Statement

“Designing Secure Data Forwarding Techniques for Delay-Tolerant Opportunistic Networks”

In order to realize the concept of pervasive communication, the security challenges of Opponents must be addressed on a priority basis. during Unique constraints of opponents make the security solutions of ad-hoc networks obsolete and direct us to work towards the goal of addressing these constraints with respect to security.

The primary goal of a security mechanism is to provide privacy, integrity, confidentiality, authenticity, and availability.
Meanwhile, None of the security-related work discussed in the previous section provides a solution to all these security criteria. The various protocols discussed address only some of these security criteria.

literature survey

In the entire literature survey, it has been observed that there is no security mechanism designed to date, which provides all the security measures under one scheme.
therefore Social trust-based protocols provide authenticity in the network and help in secure forwarding. So Cryptographic protocols only ensure message integrity and confidentiality.

The incentive-based schemes ensure the availability of the service through node cooperation. From all this, so it can be inferred that there are still a lot of security breaches in the available data forwarding techniques. The security challenges and limitations of the existing schemes motivate us to work towards addressing this issue and focusing on designing a new and better secure mechanism for data forwarding that ensures all the security measures under a single scheme.

We propose the following works in order to ensure secure data forwarding in delay tolerant opportunistic networks:-

  • Designing secure data forwarding protocols for opportunistic networks.
  • Addressing energy conservation issues in secure data forwarding.
  • Providing solutions to most of the security threats in opportunistic networks.
  • Mathematical analysis of social and network graphs for secure data forwarding.

9. Summary

Summary

In conclusion, or in short, we discussed the opportunistic network’s architecture and challenges. opportunistic routing and issues associated with it are also being covered.

ALL ABOUT NETWORKS! Read More »

Movie success rate prediction using data mining

Movie success rate prediction using data mining

Movie success rate prediction using data mining

Movie success rate prediction using data mining

Looking for a final year project using data mining? Then movie success rate prediction using data mining can be a good idea for your final year project.

This is the most interesting and discrete final year project idea using data mining. in this application, we have developed a mathematical prototype for predicting the movie success class, whether it’s going to be hit, superhit, or flop.

For doing this final year project, first of all, we have to evolve a methodology in which the admin has to collect past data of the following commodity, that influences the success of a movie.

  • Actor past data
  • Actress past data
  • Director past data
  • Music data that impacts the success

Now, Administrator will add on film crew data also new movie data along with the release date. With the help of the above, all past data films will be labelled as superhit, hit, or flop.

with the concept of data mining, the user will be able to predict the success rate of upcoming movies. also, find out the marketing budget similarly, the user will able to choose the best releasing date. for better understanding, If the movie releases on weekend, a new movie will get higher weightage or if the movie releases on weekdays new movies will get low weightage. Due to this system, the user can easily decide whether to book tickets in advance or not.

ABOUT DATA MINING(Movie success rate prediction using data mining )

Data mining refers to the process of extracting valuable information or knowledge from large volumes of data, typically stored in databases or other digital formats. It involves using statistical and machine learning techniques to analyze data, identify patterns, and gain insights that can be used for business, research, or other purposes.

The main Purpose of data mining is to discover hidden patterns and relationships within data that may not be immediately obvious, and use this information to make better decisions, improve processes, or gain a competitive advantage. Some common applications of data mining include customer profiling, fraud detection, market research, and product recommendations.

To perform data mining, analysts use a range of techniques, such as clustering, classification, regression analysis, and association rule mining. These techniques allow them to sift through large volumes of data, identify patterns and trends, and make predictions or recommendations based on the results. Data mining is a crucial tool for businesses and organizations looking to gain insights from their data and stay ahead in today’s data-driven economy.

 

What is the Important feature of data mining (Movie success rate prediction using data mining )

When performing data mining or machine learning tasks, it’s important to identify which features or variables in the data are most relevant to the problem at hand. These important features can help improve the accuracy and effectiveness of the model, while reducing the amount of noise and irrelevant data that may be present.

There are various techniques for identifying important features in data, such as statistical analysis, decision trees, random forests, and neural networks. These techniques can help rank the features based on their predictive power or significance in the model.

Once important features have been identified, they can be used to build more accurate and effective models for tasks such as classification, regression, clustering, and prediction. By focusing on the most relevant data and reducing noise and irrelevant information,

Advantages of movie success rate prediction using data mining

  • This application helps to find out the review of the new movie.
  • Users can easily decide whether to book tickets in advance or not.
  • prediction of marketing budget

Disadvantages

If you are looking for final year project ideas we are here to help you out. The movie success prediction system is only one example we have even more ideas for you. just fill out our contact us form and handover your final year project to us. our team will be happy to serve you.

Movie success rate prediction using data mining Read More »

Electronic management system

Electronic management system

ELECTRONIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Electronic management system

Are you looking for an electronic management system or electronic records management system project help for your final year project?

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An electronic management system (EDMS) or electronic records management system is a framework of tools for managing the creation. use, and storage of documents in multiple formats that are created throughout an organization. Typically, document management refers to a centralized software system that captures and manages both digital files and images of scanned paper documents.

electronic management system share many similar features with enterprise content management (ECM) systems; however, document management software systems. focus on the use and optimization of active documents and structured data. such as Word documents, PDF files, Excel spreadsheets, PowerPoint, emails, and other defined formats. whereas ECM systems also manage unstructured content and rich media formats. However, the electronic management system is much more than simply scanning and saving. it is a comprehensive system that enables knowledge workers to efficiently organize and distribute documents across the organization for, better-integrated use within daily operations.

Electronic Management System  contain tools for:

  • Creating digital files and converting paper documents into digital assets.
  • Easily sharing digital documents with the right knowledge workers.
  • Centrally organizing documents in standardized file structures and formats.
  • Storing and accessing information for more efficient use.
  • Securing documents according to standardized compliance rules.

By centralizing information use and access, document management is the hub on which broader information management strategies. like ECM, records management, and business process automation can be connected and deployed.

The project electronic management system or electronic records management system is all about managing the Electricity bill system.
where users pay an electrical bill via Mastercard or open-end credit.
This system is automated conventional for bill pay. The system would be having 3 logins for patrons, admin, and employee. Admin will manage all the registered customer’s login detail and their bill payment. it (admin) can view all details, they need the authority to feature and take away customers and employees from the account.
therefore admin can add an employee to the account and provides some authority to them. like an employee can see details of consumers.
The employee is going to be divided into parts per their description.
The customers are going to be divided by ZipCode. If just in case Customers are unable to pay the bill by the maturity then they’re going to charge the penalty for every subsequent day.

Detailed Description of Module of the project ( electronic management system )

Welcome page: 
There will be a welcome page for the electronic management system. And that will be for 3 seconds.
Login page for customers: 

After registration, customers can view their bill details, due date, and penalty if any. The user will get only those privileges that are given to the purchasers that one has registered. customers are ready to make a payment, they will save their MasterCard and open-end credit details for future use. they will check what percentage points they use for the present month. or back month for the bill they will see the history of payment also.

Login page for Employee: 
If the user is an employee of the electronic management system . or electronic records management system. then he can make changes to the data like adding units in the bill, used by a customer. They will work as per their job description.
Login page for Admin: 
This module can only have one account and this account has all the privileges which an employee account does not have. They verified all details only if they did not authorize to the addition of an employee. in the database then no one can able to log in. 

Queries form:

In this module, the customer can ask any query and the query with details. will be sent to the person who is managing queries and then the employee or admin can give the answer for the query.
Admin can also see any query made by the customer and can also reply to the customer according to the query.
Help page:  
Under this module, there will be a help page for customers. where customers can choose the question as per their needs and the question. and their answer will be saved into the database and they will get an instant answer.
Check spend unit :
In this, any particular customer can be found using a unique meter id ( which is saved in the database by Admin). and the remaining balance of a customer can be checked.

Penalty

By chance, if the customer is unable to pay the electric bill by the due date. then there would be a penalty charge based on the per-day rate multiplied by the number of days. The system must update this status from time to time.
Once the penalty would be paid system will get updated within a few minutes.

What is the main Motto behind the electronic management system?

  • The system saves paper the need of maintaining paper electricity bills. as all the electricity bill records are managed electronically Big no for Paper.
  • Admin doesn’t have to keep a manual track of the customers and employees. The system automatically calculates the penalty. Big-time saver
  • customers don’t have to visit the office for bill payments. Hassle-free
  • There is no need for a delivery boy for delivering bills to the customer’s place. Money Saver

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Library management system

Library management system

LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Library management system

Are you looking for Library management system for your final year project? Library Management System is a software built to handle the primary housekeeping functions of a library. Libraries rely on library management systems to manage asset collections as well as relationships with their members. In  this article Library management systems help libraries keep track of the books and their checkouts, as well as members’ subscriptions and profiles. This systems also involve maintaining the database for entering new books and recording books that have been borrowed with their respective due dates.

System Requirements

💡 Always clarify requirements at the beginning of the interview. Be sure to ask questions to find the exact scope of the system that the interviewer has in mind.

We will focus on the following set of requirements while designing the Library Management System:

  1. Any library member should be able to search books by their title, author, subject category as well by the publication date.
  2. Each book will have a unique identification number and other details including a rack number which will help to physically locate the book.
  3. There could be more than one copy of a book, and library members should be able to check-out and reserve any copy. We will call each copy of a book, a book item.
  4. System should be able to retrieve information like who took a particular book or what are the books checked-out by a specific library member.
  5. There should be a maximum limit (5) on how many books a member can check-out.
  6. you can keep maximum limit (10) on how many days a member can keep a book.
  7. The system should be able to collect fines for books returned after the due date.
  8. Members should be able to reserve books that are not currently available.
  9. This system should be able to send notifications whenever the reserved books become available, as well as when the book is not returned within the due date.
  10. Each book and member card will have a unique barcode. The system will be able to read barcodes from books and members’ library cards.

What is Library management System all About :

Organizing, and managing the library and library-related functions. It also maintains the database-related book and students and staff. It deletes and adds the functions into the database according to books that have been retrieved or issued, with their respective dates. The main aim of this project is to provide an easy-to-handle and automated library management system. 

 The administrator can easily update, delete and insert data in the database with this project,  following are some of the features provided by this project:
 
  1. The welcome page will be there
  2. You can issue books by the Online Portal
  3. You will get the option to search for a book online.
  4. Login portal for a student.
  5.  portal for staff members
  6. Login portal for administrator
  7. Colum  to request a new book
The main page for the student has different buttons to navigate to pages containing the date of issue, date of return, fine charges etc.
Columns for teachers to get the book issued if needed.
Requests column for teachers to ask for the introduction of new or essential books in the library.
Maintaining records of the librarian and other library staff.
There would be a feedback page students and staff both can give feedback there.

Software requirement for library management system:

  1. Java language
  2. Net beans IDE 7.0.1 or eclipse neon
  3. MySQL

Functional Requirement of library management system

On the other side, there are those that deal with all types of technical functioning of the system.
Library project meet each functional requirement.

Welcome page:

It will show the First welcome page for your Library management page

Login : 

After the welcome page, there will be a login page, User will get to know whether they have access to log in or not, at the time of login, and they will get the option to reset their password as well. If for any user these fields don’t match, then the user will not be allowed to use the system. For this, the user id is stored at the time of registration. After this authorization takes place, to know what all are the levels a particular user can access the Library management system.

User Sign-up Process: 

If someone wanted to access Library management system. If a User creates a new account. This system must verify all the user’s information, if the information will be invalid or incorrect then the entered information will be removed from the database.

Search operation:

Searching features would be for all users, they can search books based on unique identities, the name of the book, author’s name. There must be some filters available to search with keywords.
 

Issue and Return book:

This is for issuing and returning books and also maintaining the issue and return status in the database accordingly. Number updater for book features will work fine. The Library management system must be performing well with storing the issue data in the database.

Adding New books to the library:

In this feature  we can add new books to the library by the Administrator only. The system must enter and maintain the number of copies of each individual book in order.  And the administrator should allocate a unique key to each individual book.

Penalty charge:

By chance, if the user is unable to return the book by the return date then there would be a penalty charge based on the per day rate multiplied by the number of days. The system must update this status from time to time.
Once the penalty would be paid system will get updated within a few minutes.
Add on features we can put on the Online Library Management system.
Best add one features you can add in Library management system you can add notice board where any announcement related to college school and university or any education organization can put to show it to their users and they can take benefits, and you can give the option to staff and teacher to upload any lecture PDF or slide so, Student can download it.
Notice Board system is the best Add-on option to the Library management system

What is the Motto Behind Online Library Management System :

Therefore in today’s time every college school, university, and any education organization need a library and in the era of the internet, an Online Management system is the most wanted project.

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Python Homework Help for Data Science Students- Hassle free help

Python Homework Help for Data Science Students

Python Homework Help for Data Science Students

Python Homework Help for Data Science Students- Hassle free help

As the programming language of choice for beginners and professionals alike, Python has become one of the most crucial programming languages in the world today. It has become indispensable to data science and machine learning, but it can also help even casual computer users program more efficiently and learn new coding skills quickly and easily. What’s more, Python Homework Help for students has become an essential programming language for beginners in the field of data science and machine learning.

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Python is a programming language used to build software-programs. It is considered as an object-oriented language that uses dynamic semantics. Python is popular in data science and artificial intelligence, which involves in processes like pattern recognition and image processing. Read on to find about more about Python Homework Help for your academic success! We are here to help you out with your python homework! So, do not forget our Python programming homework services at all. Make a note of us now!

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Python is a high-level programming language created by Guido van Rossum. It is one of the top most important languages in machine learning, artificial intelligence, and data science. You can say is easy to learn and easy to use because it was built to have highly readable code, even when it’s read many years after its writing. Because of its widespread adoption and ease of use, Python Homework Help for students has been adopted in schools across the globe as an introductory language in programming.

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Python

In most of the articles, python is not in the #2 position they put python below somewhere in their list. for me, python deserves #2 position in the most popular programming languages list.

What is Python?

Python is a popular programming language. It was created by Guido van Rossum, and released in 1991. 

It is used for:

  • web development (server-side),
  • software development,
  • mathematics,
  • system scripting.

What can Python do?

It is used for:

  • web development (server-side),
  • software development,
  • mathematics,
  • system scripting.

Why Python?

  • Python works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc).
  • It has a simple syntax similar to the English language.
  • Python has a syntax that allows developers to write programs with fewer lines than some other programming languages.
  • It runs on an interpreter system, meaning that code can be executed as soon as it is written. This means that prototyping can be very quick.
  • Python can be treated in a procedural way, an object-orientated way, or a functional way

 

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